Assessing the sources of high fecal coliform levels at an urban tropical beach

Recreational water quality is commonly assessed by microbial indicators such as fecal coliforms. Maceió is the capital of Alagoas state, located in tropical northeastern Brazil. Its beaches are considered as the most beautiful urban beaches in the country. Jatiúca Beach in Maceió was found to be unsuitable for bathing continuously during the year of 2011. The same level of contamination was not observed in surrounding beaches. The aim of this study was to initiate the search for the sources of these high coliform levels, so that contamination can be eventually mitigated. We performed a retrospective analysis of historical results of fecal coliform concentrations from 2006 to 2012 at five monitoring stations located in the study region. Results showed that Jatiúca Beach consistently presented the worst quality among the studied beaches. A field survey was conducted to identify existing point and non-point sources of pollution in the area. Monitoring in the vicinity of Jatiúca was spatially intensified. Fecal coliform concentrations were categorized according to tide range and tide stage. A storm drain located in northern Jatiúca was identified as the main point source of the contamination. However, fecal coliform concentrations at Jatiúca were high during high tides and spring tides even when this point source was inactive (no rainfall). We hypothesize that high fecal coliform levels in Jatiúca Beach may also be caused by aquifer contamination or, more likely, from tide washing of contaminated sand. Both of these hypotheses will be further investigated.

Cuantificación y evaluación de la estacionalidad de elementos parasitarios en ambientes acuáticos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, Argentina / Quantification of parasites in aquatic environments in the Province of Salta, Argentina

La contaminación microbiológica de aguas recreativas es un problema preocupante, ya que las personas que las utilizan pueden contraer enfermedades que podrían afectar su bienestar general. Para evaluar la calidad del agua, las legislaciones existentes solo establecen límites de indicadores bacterianos, los cuales no predicen con exactitud la presencia de parásitos. Además, la cantidad de parásitos presentes en el agua, aunque suficiente para producir enfermedad, suele ser pequeña, por lo que, se necesita una etapa previa de concentración para poder detectarlos. En este trabajo se monitorearon trimestralmente durante un año tres ambientes acuáticos de usos recreativos de la provincia de Salta, realizando la concentración de las muestras y la posterior preparación para la búsqueda de elementos parasitarios por microscopía. Adicionalmente, en cada ambiente se midieron mensualmente variables fisicoquímicas in situ y variables bacteriológicas por técnicas microbiológicas tradicionales. En cada ambiente se encontraron como mínimo 9 de los 14 parásitos detectados en conjunto. La presencia de los elementos parasitarios no presentó correlación con indicadores bacterianos en ningún ambiente ni en ninguna de las estaciones (p > 0,05). Mientras que en invierno la contaminación bacteriológica disminuyó entre un 76 % y un 99 %, los elementos parasitarios no presentaron disminución estacional. Los resultados permiten sugerir al género Entamoeba como indicador anual de contaminación parasitaria, ya que este fue encontrado en todos los ambientes con mínimas variaciones estacionales. Estos resultados poseen relevancia epidemiológica, dado que permitirán a los tomadores de decisiones proponer medidas para mejorar el bienestar de la población.

Microbiological pollution of recreational waters is a major problem for public health as it may transmit waterborne diseases. To assess water quality, current legislation only requires limits for bacterial indicators; however, these organisms do not accurately predict the presence of parasites. Small number of parasites is usually present in water and although they are capable of causing disease, they may not be high enough to be detected. Detection therefore requires water samples to be concentrated. In this work three recreational aquatic environments located in the province of Salta were monitored over one year. For parasite quantification, water samples were collected every three months and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Detection was performed by microscopy. In addition, monthly monitoring was carried out in each aquatic environment: physicochemical variables were measured in situ and bacteriological counts were determined by traditional microbiological techniques. Of 14 parasites identified, at least nine were detected in each aquatic environment sampled. While bacteriological contamination decreased in most cases during winter (76-99%), parasites were present year-round, becoming a continual threat to public health. Thus, we here propose that it is necessary to use specific parasitological indicators to prevent waterborne disease transmission. Our results suggest that Entamoeba would be a suitable indicator as it was found in all environments and showed minimal seasonal variation. The results obtained in this study have epidemiological relevance and will allow decision-makers to propose solutions for water protection in order to care for population health.